Splenic gene expression profiling in White Leghorn layer inoculated with the Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is a foodborne pathogen that can threaten human health through contaminated poultry products. Live poultry, chicken eggs and meat are primary sources of human salmonellosis. To understand the genetic resistance of egg‐type chickens in response to SE inoculation, global gene expression in the spleen of 20‐week‐old White Leghorn was measured using the Agilent 4 × 44 K chicken microarray at 7 and 14 days following SE inoculation (dpi). Results showed that there were 1363 genes significantly differentially expressed between inoculated and non‐inoculated groups at 7 dpi (I7/N7), of which 682 were up‐regulated and 681 were down‐regulated genes. By contrast, 688 differentially expressed genes were observed at 14 dpi (I14/N14), of which 371 were up‐regulated genes and 317 were down‐regulated genes. There were 33 and 28 immune‐related genes significantly differentially expressed in the comparisons of I7/N7 and I14/N14 respectively. Functional annotation revealed that several Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to immunity were significantly enriched between the inoculated and non‐inoculated groups at 14 dpi but not at 7 dpi, despite a similar number of immune‐related genes identified between I7/N7 and I14/N14. The immune response to SE inoculation changes with different time points following SE inoculation. The complicated interaction between the immune system and metabolism contributes to the immune responses to SE inoculation of egg‐type chickens at 14 dpi at the onset of lay. GC, TNFSF8, CD86, CD274, BLB1 and BLB2 play important roles in response to SE inoculation. The results from this study will deepen the current understanding of the genetic response of the egg‐type chicken to SE inoculation at the onset of egg laying.     

Modeling the Effects of Integrating Larval Habitat Source Reduction and Insecticide Treated Nets for Malaria Control

Integrated vector management for malaria control has received a lot of recent interest. Attacking multiple points in the transmission cycle is hoped to act synergistically and improve upon current single-tool interventions based on the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs). In the present study, we theoretically examined the application of larval habitat source reduction with ITNs in reducing malaria transmission. We selected this type of environmental management to complement ITNs because of a potential secondary mode of action that both control strategies share. In addition to increasing vector mortality, ITNs reduce the rate at which female mosquitoes locate human hosts for blood feeding, thereby extending their gonotrophic cycle. Similarly, while reducing adult vector emergence and abundance, source reduction of larval habitats may prolong the cycle duration by extending delays in locating oviposition sites. We found, however, that source reduction of larval habitats only operates through this secondary mode of action when habitat density is below a critical threshold. Hence, we illustrate how this strategy becomes increasingly effective when larval habitats are limited. We also demonstrate that habitat source reduction is better suited to human populations of higher density and in the presence of insecticide resistance or when the insecticidal properties of ITNs are depleted.     

中国航空碳排放及其效率时空演化特征分析

航空碳排放不仅影响空气质量且可造成温室效应。中国正处于从民航大国向民航强国迈进的关键时期，提高航空碳排放效率是行之有效的航空碳减排手段。运用可拓展随机性环境影响评估模型(STIRPAT)对中国2004—2019年航空碳排放总量的时空演变特征进行分析，以探明不同尺度区域航空碳排放的空间差异与空间关联表现；运用基于非期望产出的超效率松弛变量模型(SBM)和标准差椭圆分析法(SDE)对中国航空碳排放效率的时空分布与格局演化过程进行判定，以分析各省域航空碳排放效率的差异，并给出有效的航空碳减排方略。研究发现：2004—2019年，中国航空碳排放总量持续增长，航空碳排放增长率和航空碳排放强度均呈波动下降趋势；四大经济区航空碳排放总量分布总体表现为“东部>西部>中部>东北”的格局，东部仍是中国航空碳排放的主要区域；高碳排放区较分散，还未形成省域之间连片的碳排放高值区。2004—2019年，中国航空碳排放效率总体呈现“M”型波动上升趋势，各省域航空碳排放效率均不同程度的提高，但主要以低效率区、中效率区为主；各省域之间的航空碳排放效率差异性经历了逐渐减小到逐步增大的过程，但总体航空碳...     

植物低温应答机制及其泛素化修饰研究进展

植物在低温条件下的机体应答主要依赖于植物内部的细胞调控机制。文中综述低温胁迫对植物细胞内信号转导、基因表达、泛素化等修饰方式以及脯氨酸、可溶性糖、SOD酶活性等代谢调节的影响,以期为植物抗低温研究提供借鉴。     

大鼠脊髓中的α受体在减压反射和失血性休克中的作用

大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射α激动剂可乐宁1μg,引起血压降低、心率减慢及腹腔神经节后交感神经干放电抑制。应用α阻断剂酚妥拉明阻断脊髓内源性 NE的作用,可部分抑制血压升高时反射性的心率减慢和交感神经放电抑制反应,使压力感受器反射的敏感性降低。在颈动脉放血造成不可逆性失血性休克的动物,脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射酚妥拉明可使动脉血压有一定程度的回升。以上结果表明,由脊髓α受体调制的心血管抑制效应参与减压反射以及失血性休克的发病机制。     

自发性高血压大鼠主动脉α_(1B)及α_(1D)肾上腺素受体第三细胞内环不存在点突变

我们以前的实验显示自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）离体主动脉磷酸肌醇蓄积在无激动剂存在的基础状态下就显著增高。根据G蛋白偶联受体固有活性假说，推测SHR主动脉中介导肌酸磷脂水解的主要受体－α1D和α1B-肾上腺素受体的第三细胞内环可能存在点突变。本实验通过PCR－SSCP鉴定，表明上述突变并不存在。从而提示SHR主动脉磷酸肌醇蓄积基础水平增加并非因α1D和α1B-肾上腺素受体第三细胞内环区域突变所引起的受体固有活性所致。